The Influence of Per Capita Income and Human Development Index on Participation in the BPJS Employment Program in Indonesia in 2023
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.65886/ijde.v2i03.56Keywords:
Employment Social Security Agency, Per Capita Income, Human Development Index, Social Participation, National Social SecurityAbstract
The low participation rate in the BPJS Employment (BPJS Ketenagakerjaan) program in Indonesia remains a major challenge in achieving comprehensive social protection for workers. The disparity in participation across regions particularly between provinces on the island of Java and those outside of it reveals the existence of structural barriers that require further examination. This study aims to analyze the influence of per capita income and the Human Development Index (HDI) on the participation rate in BPJS Employment across Indonesia in 2023. Using a quantitative approach with multiple linear regression methods, data from 34 provinces were analyzed using Stata software. The findings indicate that both independent variables per capita income and HDI have a positive and significant relationship with BPJS Employment participation. In other words, the higher the per capita income and the better the HDI achievements in a region, the higher the level of public participation in the program. These findings reinforce the view that economic factors and human development are interrelated in determining the success of social insurance policies. Therefore, the main recommendation of this study is the importance of integrating policies that aim to improve economic welfare with efforts to strengthen human development, particularly in the education and health sectors. Equitable access to information and inclusive digitalization of BPJS services are also essential, so that access to this program is not limited to certain groups, but can reach all levels of society, including informal sector workers and those in remote areas.
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